Options Expiration: Definitions And Risks
2022.10.14 11:37
In the early days of options trading—two or three decades ago—for market makers in the options trading pits in Chicago and other financial centers, there was one day a month in which attendance was virtually mandatory: the day before options expiration because volume was usually heavy and the potential for volatility was ever-present. In short, trading options on expiration day was seen as a time of opportunity and risk.
Although it’s become a more frequent occurrence, the last day of trading can still be a time of volatility as well as potential opportunity.
If you’re new to options, and you don’t quite understand all the terminology and logistics, then expiration can also be a time of peril. Here are a few things you need to know to avoid potential pitfalls and better understand the ins and outs of expiration day.
Some Basic Lingo
Option holder. The buyer (“owner”) of an American-style option has the right, but not the obligation, to exercise the option on or before expiration. A call option gives the owner the right to buy the underlying security; a put option gives the owner the right to sell the underlying security.
Option writer. When you sell (“write”) an American-style option (call or put), you may be assigned at any time, especially the underlying asset if your option is in the money (ITM) on or before expiration day (and even slightly out of the money [OTM] in special cases described below). The option seller has no control over assignment and no certainty as to when it could happen.
Options intrinsic value. This is the difference between a strike and the underlying’s current price. Suppose a stock is trading for $51 and a 50-strike call option is worth $1.40. The intrinsic value would be $1, the amount by which it’s ITM. The extra $0.40 is known as extrinsic value, or time value. OTM options consist only of extrinsic value.
What Do The Terms Mean?
American-style options can be exercised anytime before the options expiration date, and options contract settlement requires actual delivery of underlying stock, whereas European-style options can only be exercised at expiration. Standard U.S. equity options (options on single-name stocks) are American-style. Options on stock indexes, such as the Nasdaq-100 (NDX), S&P 500® (SPX), and (RUT), are European-style.
Also, equity options are not cash-settled—actual shares are transferred in an exercise/assignment. Broad-based indexes, however, are cash-settled in an amount equal to the difference between the settlement price and the strike price times the contract multiplier. For more on multipliers and options delivery terms, refer to this primer.
Settlement And Triple Witching
Each quarter, on the third Friday in March, June, September, and December, contracts for stock index futures, stock index options, and stock options all expire on the same day. This so-called “triple witching” may lead to order imbalances and increased volatility.
Most index options, such as SPX, NDX, and RUT, settle Friday morning but stop trading on Thursday afternoon (before the third Friday of the month). But the settlement price isn’t determined until Friday morning. The monthly option AM settlement isn’t based on the opening price of the index but rather on the price determined by the opening trade price in each stock that comprises the index. This is known as “the print.”
What if a market-moving event happens between Thursday night and Friday morning? Print risk is the overnight risk in AM-settled options.
PM-settled options, such as weekly options, trade until the end of the day Friday and settle based on the closing value of the underlying security. On the last trading day, trading in an expiring PM-settled option closes at 3 p.m. CT for options on single-name equities. Options on equity indexes (cash-settled) expire at 3:15 p.m. CT.
Did You Know?
Expiring options will be automatically exercised if they’re ITM by $0.01 or more as of the 3 p.m. CT price (for equity options) and 3:15 p.m. CT (for options on indexes). In general, the option holder has until 4:30 p.m. CT on the last trading day to exercise the contract. These times are set by the Options Clearing Corporation (OCC), the central clearing house for the options market. But some brokerage firms might have an earlier cutoff than the OCC threshold.
If your long option is ITM at expiration, but your account doesn’t have enough money to support the stock position, your broker may, at its discretion, choose not to exercise the option. This is known as DNE (do not exercise), and any gain you may have realized by exercising the option will be wiped out. A broker may also, at its discretion, close out the position. OTM options expire worthless.
Expiration Checklist: Manage And Monitor Your Expiration Risk
Everybody loves a long weekend, but if you’ve ever taken an unwanted position into the weekend due to an options expiration mishap, that time between Friday expiration and the Monday open can feel like a painful, gut-wrenching eternity.
Now that you’ve been introduced to the lingo and logistics, here’s a list of things to know, check, and perhaps double-check as you go into expiration.
Do your research: Are there news alerts like earnings or company announcements on a company in which you hold expiring options?
Another fun fact: TD Ameritrade will not charge you a commission to close out any option priced lower than $0.05.
Check your specs. Do your options settle American- or European-style? Is settlement in the morning or afternoon? What are the trading hours? Does the underlying trade outside of regular market hours? For example, options that are ITM as of the close are typically automatically exercised, and OTM options aren’t. However, if the price of the underlying changes after the close, you might have a short option go from OTM to ITM. The option holder may choose to exercise, leaving you with an unwanted (or at least unexpected) position. If you have any questions, call the TD Ameritrade customer support desk at 800-669-3900.
Liquidate (or have enough cash on hand). To avoid any margin calls or unwanted overnight or weekend exposure, make sure you plan ahead for any positions you might acquire on expiration. For example, to exercise a long equity call option, you need to have enough cash in your account to pay for the shares. Alternatively, if your account is approved for margin trading, you need to hold cash or securities to satisfy the “Reg T” margin requirement. If you’re unsure, or if you don’t want the position, liquidate before market close.
Leave yourself some time. Unlike some video games, in options trading, it’s not always a good thing to be the last person standing. As you get closer to 3 p.m. CT on the options expiration date, liquidity can often dry up and bid/ask spreads may widen. So, if you’re considering liquidating, or even rolling to another expiration date, sooner may be better.
Risks and Rewards
Here’s one final item for your expiration checklist: Know and understand your risk. Figure 1 shows the risk profile of a long vertical call spread, which is created by being long the 90-strike call and short the 95-strike call. Note that if, at expiration, the underlying is below the 90 strike, both options expire worthless, and if the underlying is above the 95 strike at expiration, both options will be exercised. In either case, expiration will not result in taking a position in the underlying.
VERTICAL CALL SPREAD RISK PROFILE
FIGURE 1: VERTICAL CALL SPREAD RISK PROFILE. For illustrative purposes only. Past performance does not guarantee future results.
But what about the area in between the strikes? And, in particular, what about those points of uncertainty right around the 90 and 95 strikes? Will you have a position, or won’t you?
If the 90-strike call is ITM and the 95-strike call is OTM at expiration, the lower strike call will be subject to automatic exercise and the 95-strike call will expire worthless. Therefore, you’d buy the shares for $90 unless you close the position by selling the spread prior to expiration. If the underlying is at the points of uncertainty around the 90 and 95 strikes, and you don’t want to exercise the contract or get assigned, then you’ll likely want to close the spread before expiration.
Want to run your own options expiration analytics? TD Ameritrade clients can do exactly that via the Risk Profile tool on the thinkorswim platform. With the Risk Profile tool, you can visualize the potential profit/loss on a trade, adjust parameters, and even add simulated trades and assess the risks.
Now that you’ve been introduced to the language and logistics of expiration, you may be able to approach expiration with a greater understanding of the risks and how you might manage them. You might want to keep this checklist handy just in case.
Disclosure: TD Ameritrade® commentary for educational purposes only. Member SIPC. Options involve risks and are not suitable for all investors. Please read Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options.
